The Fifth Plague of Egypt, described in the Book of Exodus, was a severe pestilence (Dever) that struck and killed the livestock—horses, donkeys, camels, cattle, sheep, and goats—of the Egyptians, while sparing the livestock of the Israelites, demonstrating God’s distinction between them. This plague devastated the Egyptian economy, as livestock represented wealth, but Pharaoh remained defiant, hardening his heart despite the loss.